ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE TEXT 

Solid & Hazardous Waste                   

What is Solid Waste?

Solid waste is any discarded material that is identified by the Solid Waste Management Regulations. It includes solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material. Types of solid waste are garbage, refuse, household hazardous waste, industrial waste, demolition waste, construction waste, debris, municipal waste, yard waste and other discarded materials. Solid waste is generated by residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural and many other operations. The regulations also consist of requirements for solid waste management, including storage, treatment and disposal.

What is Hazardous Waste?

Hazardous waste is a subset of solid waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Hazardous wastes can be liquid, solid, contained gas or sludge. They can be the by-products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, such as cleaning fluids or pesticides. By law, facilities that generate waste must determine if any of their wastes are hazardous. Businesses and other facilities in Virginia are required to comply with the Hazardous Waste Management Regulations, which closely follow federal standards. 

What is Specialty Waste?

Specialty waste is another subset of solid waste with properties that require special handling or treatment prior to disposal. Examples of specialty waste include automotive wastes, such as tires, medical wastes, animal carcasses and e-waste.

 Available at https://www.deq.virginia.gov/our-programs/land-waste/solid-hazardous-waste (Acceso 19 de julio 2024)

1.       ¿Qué es el residuo sólido según las Regulaciones de Gestión de Residuos Sólidos?

2.       ¿Qué tipos de materiales pueden clasificarse como residuos sólidos?

3.       ¿Cuáles son algunos ejemplos específicos de residuos sólidos mencionados en el texto?

4.       ¿Qué tipos de operaciones generan residuos sólidos?

5.       ¿Qué requisitos incluyen las regulaciones de gestión de residuos sólidos?

6.       ¿Cómo se define el residuo peligroso en comparación con el residuo sólido?

7.       ¿Qué formas pueden tomar los residuos peligrosos?

8.       ¿Qué deben hacer las instalaciones que generan residuos para determinar si sus residuos son peligrosos?

9.       ¿Qué regulaciones deben cumplir las empresas y otras instalaciones en Virginia con respecto a los residuos peligrosos?

10.   ¿Qué es el residuo especial y qué ejemplos se proporcionan en el texto?

What is reading comprehension?

WHAT IS READING COMPREHENSION?

Vea el PowerPoint en el link 

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1LPoM_lN5scw7Aa_UB-HH2UQWhAchggST/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=110148714800773127676&rtpof=true&sd=true 

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NORMA ISO 55000 

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Leer en español la información de la presentación 

https://prezi.com/view/r6iNt9yxDsrRqbF8JSgS/ 

CUESTIONARIO Total Productive Maintenance and Reliability-Centered Maintenance

 Answer the questions below with the information of the text  

                                                                                                    

Chapter 13 - Total Productive Maintenance and Reliability-Centered Maintenance

Publisher Summary

This chapter discusses total productive and reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) at Beta International. The first step in combining total productive maintenance (TPM ) and RCM principles is to perform a streamlined failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA)/ RCM analysis of a given production line, that is, at a business system level. The FMEA/RCM portion of the analysis defines a functional failure as anything that causes loss of production capacity or results in extraordinary costs. It is focused on failure modes, frequencies, and effects and is extended to identify those failure modes that would be readily detected and prevented by proper operator action. It also details those failure modes and effects that require more advanced methodology and techniques, such as predictive maintenance, better specifications, better repair and overhaul practices, and better installation procedures to avoid the defects from being introduced in the first place. The next step is to apply TPM principles related to restoring equipment to like-new condition, having operators provide basic care in tightening, lubricating and cleaning, and applying more effectively preventive and predictive techniques. The company found that combining TPM and RCM actually led to a better process, improvements in teamwork, and cooperation at the production level; leading to improved performance, and output, and lower operating costs.

Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs (Acceso 16 de julio, 2024)

CUESTIONARIO    

1.¿Qué se debe realizar en primer lugar para combinar los principios de TPM y RCM en Beta International?

2.¿Qué se define como una falla funcional en el contexto del análisis FMEA/RCM?

3.¿En qué se enfoca el análisis FMEA/RCM?

4.¿Qué tipos de metodologías y técnicas avanzadas se mencionan para prevenir ciertos modos de falla?

5.¿Qué prácticas básicas deben realizar los operadores según los principios de TPM?

6.¿Qué beneficios encontró Beta International al combinar. los principios de TPM y RCM?

7.¿Cómo afecta la combinación de TPM y RCM al trabajo en equipo y la cooperación en el nivel de producción?

8.¿Qué se entiende por restaurar el equipo a una condición "como nueva" según los principios de TPM?

9.¿Qué se debe hacer para evitar que se introduzcan defectos desde el principio, según el análisis FMEA/RCM?

10.¿Cómo impacta la combinación de TPM y RCM en los costos operativos de Beta International?

Acid Rain READING

Read the text in Spanish

 WHAT IS ACID RAIN?    

                                      

BYCHRISTINA NUNEZ

PUBLISHED FEBRUARY 28, 2019

• 5 MIN READ

Acid rain describes any form of precipitation that contains high levels of nitric and sulfuric acids. It can also occur in the form of snow, fog, and tiny bits of dry material that settle to Earth. Normal rain is slightly acidic, with a pH of 5.6, while acid rain generally has a pH between 4.2 and 4.4.

Causes of acid rain

Rotting vegetation and erupting volcanoes release some chemicals that can cause acid rain, but most acid rain is a product of human activities. The biggest sources are coal-burning power plants, factories, and automobiles.

When humans burn fossil fuels, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are released into the atmosphere. Those air pollutants react with water, oxygen, and other substances to form airborne sulfuric and nitric acid. Winds may spread these acidic compounds through the atmosphere and over hundreds of miles. When acid rain reaches Earth, it flows across the surface in runoff water, enters water systems, and sinks into the soil.

A virtual tree graveyard of Norway spruce in Poland bears the scars of acid rain. Caused when rain droplets absorb air pollution like sulfur and nitrogen oxides, acid rain weakens trees by dissolving nutrients in the soil before plants can use them.

PHOTOGRAPH BY DAVID WOODFALL/GETTY IMAGESAVAILABLE ATAcid rain facts and information (nationalgeographic.com)AIR POLLUTION