Monday, August 5, 2024

SAFE DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTES Multiple chioce exercise

Choose the correct option according to the information of the text  

SAFE DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTES

 Hazardous wastes must be deposited in so-called secure landfills, which provide at least 3 metres


(10 feet) of separation between the bottom of the landfill and
the underlying bedrock or groundwater table. A secure hazardous-waste landfill must have two impermeable liners and leachate collection systems. The double leachate collection system consists of a network of perforated pipes placed above each liner. The upper system prevents the accumulation of leachate trapped in the fill, and the lower serves as a backup. Collected leachate is pumped to a treatment plant. In order to reduce the amount of leachate in the fill and minimize the potential for environmental damage, an impermeable cap or cover is placed over a finished landfill.

A groundwater monitoring system that includes a series of deep wells drilled in and around the site is also required. The wells allow a routine program of sampling and testing to detect any leaks or groundwater contamination. If a leak does occur, the wells can be pumped to intercept the polluted water and bring it to the surface for treatment.

One option for the disposal of liquid hazardous waste is deep-well injection, a procedure that involves pumping liquid waste through a steel casing into a porous layer of limestone or sandstone. High pressures are applied to force the liquid into the pores and fissures of the rock, where it is to be permanently stored. The injection zone must lie below a layer of impervious rock or clay, and it may extend more than 0.8 km (0.5 mile) below the surface. Deep-well injection is relatively inexpensive and requires little or no pretreatment of the waste, but it poses a danger of leaking hazardous waste and eventually polluting subsurface water supplies.

1.¿Cuál es la separación mínima requerida entre el fondo de un vertedero seguro y la roca madre o la capa freática subyacente? a) 1 metro (3 pies)

b) 2 metros (6 pies)

c) 3 metros (10 pies)

d) 4 metros (13 pies)

 2.¿Cuántos revestimientos impermeables debe tener un vertedero seguro de residuos peligrosos? 

a) Uno

b) Dos

c) Tres

d) Cuatro

3.¿Cuál es la función del sistema superior de recolección de lixiviados en un vertedero seguro? 

a) Servir como respaldo

b) Prevenir la acumulación de lixiviados atrapados en el relleno

c) Detectar fugas

d) Monitorear la calidad del aire

4.¿Qué se hace con el lixiviado recolectado en un vertedero seguro? 

a) Se almacena en el mismo sitio

b) Se quema

c) Se bombea a una planta de tratamiento

d) Se libera en el suelo

5.¿Cuál es el propósito de colocar una tapa impermeable sobre un vertedero terminado? 

a) Mejorar la estética del lugar

b) Reducir la cantidad de lixiviados en el relleno

c) Facilitar la recolección de residuos

d) Permitir la reutilización del sitio

6.¿Qué incluye un sistema de monitoreo de aguas subterráneas en un vertedero seguro? 

a) Cámaras de vigilancia

b) Una serie de pozos profundos perforados en y alrededor del sitio

c) Sensores de temperatura

d) Redes de tuberías

7.¿Qué se hace si se detecta una fuga en el sistema de monitoreo de aguas subterráneas? 

a) Se ignora

b) Se sellan los pozos

c) Se bombean los pozos para interceptar el agua contaminada y llevarla a la superficie para su tratamiento

d) Se traslada el vertedero a otro lugar

8.¿Qué tipo de roca se utiliza en el procedimiento de inyección profunda de residuos líquidos peligrosos? 

a) Granito

b) Mármol

c) Caliza o arenisca

d) Basalto

 

 

 

THERMOGRPHY (QUESTIONS)

 Answer the questions with the data of the text

THERMOGRAPHY:   WHAT IS IT AND WHAT IS ITS INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION?

28 de August de 2020

Thermography analyzes have become a very common method in the industry thanks to their effectiveness in preventing breakdowns and the wide variety of applications they offer. In this post we explain what this technology consists of, what its main advantages are and in which areas it is usually used.

What is thermography and how does it work?                          

Thermography is a technique used to measure the temperature of objects, places and living beings from a distance. For this, thermal or thermovision cameras are used. These equipments capture the wavelength of infrared radiation emitted by the molecules of the bodies and analyze the data obtained, together with other physical properties of the surface and the environment, to calculate the values ​​accurately.

The result of infrared thermography is a two-dimensional radiometric image of objects, in which each pixel defines the temperature of an area. Thus, the global and local thermal characteristics are obtained, being able to diagnose possible pathologies in materials and buildings.

Advantages of infrared thermography

Thermography has a number of distinctive features that are very beneficial for organizations that decide to incorporate it into their procedures. This is one of its most outstanding features:

Non invasive

Thermographic analyzes are non-destructive tests that do not produce any type of damage on the studied components. This means that, unlike what happens with destructive tests, the materials retain their physical and functional characteristics intact, and can continue to be used as normal.

                                       Available at https://www.infinitiaresearch.com (Acceso 5 de agosto, 2024) Image: Google.com

1. 1. ¿Qué es la termografía y cómo funciona?

2.  2. ¿Qué tipo de cámaras se utilizan en la termografía?

3.  3. ¿Cómo capturan las cámaras térmicas la radiación infrarroja emitida por los cuerpos?

4.  4. ¿Qué tipo de imagen produce la termografía infrarroja?

5.  5. ¿Qué información proporciona cada píxel en una imagen radiométrica bidimensional?

6.  6. ¿Cuáles son algunas de las ventajas más destacadas de la termografía infrarroja?

7.  7. ¿Por qué se considera que los análisis termográficos son no invasivos?

8.  8. ¿Qué diferencia hay entre las pruebas termográficas y las pruebas destructivas?

9.  9. ¿Cómo ayuda la termografía a diagnosticar posibles patologías en materiales y edificios?

1010. ¿Qué implica que los materiales mantengan sus características físicas y funcionales intactas después de un análisis termográfico?

Friday, July 19, 2024

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE TEXT 

Solid & Hazardous Waste                   


What is Solid Waste?

Solid waste is any discarded material that is identified by the Solid Waste Management Regulations. It includes solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material. Types of solid waste are garbage, refuse, household hazardous waste, industrial waste, demolition waste, construction waste, debris, municipal waste, yard waste and other discarded materials. Solid waste is generated by residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural and many other operations. The regulations also consist of requirements for solid waste management, including storage, treatment and disposal.

What is Hazardous Waste?

Hazardous waste is a subset of solid waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Hazardous wastes can be liquid, solid, contained gas or sludge. They can be the by-products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, such as cleaning fluids or pesticides. By law, facilities that generate waste must determine if any of their wastes are hazardous. Businesses and other facilities in Virginia are required to comply with the Hazardous Waste Management Regulations, which closely follow federal standards. 

What is Specialty Waste?

Specialty waste is another subset of solid waste with properties that require special handling or treatment prior to disposal. Examples of specialty waste include automotive wastes, such as tires, medical wastes, animal carcasses and e-waste.

 Available at https://www.deq.virginia.gov/our-programs/land-waste/solid-hazardous-waste (Acceso 19 de julio 2024)

1.       ¿Qué es el residuo sólido según las Regulaciones de Gestión de Residuos Sólidos?

2.       ¿Qué tipos de materiales pueden clasificarse como residuos sólidos?

3.       ¿Cuáles son algunos ejemplos específicos de residuos sólidos mencionados en el texto?

4.       ¿Qué tipos de operaciones generan residuos sólidos?

5.       ¿Qué requisitos incluyen las regulaciones de gestión de residuos sólidos?

6.       ¿Cómo se define el residuo peligroso en comparación con el residuo sólido?

7.       ¿Qué formas pueden tomar los residuos peligrosos?

8.       ¿Qué deben hacer las instalaciones que generan residuos para determinar si sus residuos son peligrosos?

9.       ¿Qué regulaciones deben cumplir las empresas y otras instalaciones en Virginia con respecto a los residuos peligrosos?

10.   ¿Qué es el residuo especial y qué ejemplos se proporcionan en el texto?

What is reading comprehension?

WHAT IS READING COMPREHENSION?

Vea el PowerPoint en el link 

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1LPoM_lN5scw7Aa_UB-HH2UQWhAchggST/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=110148714800773127676&rtpof=true&sd=true 

ACTIVIDAD ISO 55000 Presentación Prezi

NORMA ISO 55000 
    VER PRESENTACIÓN PREZI EN EL ENLACE
Leer en español la información de la presentación 


https://prezi.com/view/r6iNt9yxDsrRqbF8JSgS/ 

Wednesday, July 17, 2024

CUESTIONARIO Total Productive Maintenance and Reliability-Centered Maintenance

 Answer the questions below with the information of the text  

                                                                                                    

Chapter 13 - Total Productive Maintenance and Reliability-Centered Maintenance

Publisher Summary

This chapter discusses total productive and reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) at Beta International. The first step in combining total productive maintenance (TPM ) and RCM principles is to perform a streamlined failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA)/ RCM analysis of a given production line, that is, at a business system level. The FMEA/RCM portion of the analysis defines a functional failure as anything that causes loss of production capacity or results in extraordinary costs. It is focused on failure modes, frequencies, and effects and is extended to identify those failure modes that would be readily detected and prevented by proper operator action. It also details those failure modes and effects that require more advanced methodology and techniques, such as predictive maintenance, better specifications, better repair and overhaul practices, and better installation procedures to avoid the defects from being introduced in the first place. The next step is to apply TPM principles related to restoring equipment to like-new condition, having operators provide basic care in tightening, lubricating and cleaning, and applying more effectively preventive and predictive techniques. The company found that combining TPM and RCM actually led to a better process, improvements in teamwork, and cooperation at the production level; leading to improved performance, and output, and lower operating costs.

Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs (Acceso 16 de julio, 2024)

CUESTIONARIO    

1.¿Qué se debe realizar en primer lugar para combinar los principios de TPM y RCM en Beta International?

2.¿Qué se define como una falla funcional en el contexto del análisis FMEA/RCM?

3.¿En qué se enfoca el análisis FMEA/RCM?

4.¿Qué tipos de metodologías y técnicas avanzadas se mencionan para prevenir ciertos modos de falla?

5.¿Qué prácticas básicas deben realizar los operadores según los principios de TPM?

6.¿Qué beneficios encontró Beta International al combinar. los principios de TPM y RCM?

7.¿Cómo afecta la combinación de TPM y RCM al trabajo en equipo y la cooperación en el nivel de producción?

8.¿Qué se entiende por restaurar el equipo a una condición "como nueva" según los principios de TPM?

9.¿Qué se debe hacer para evitar que se introduzcan defectos desde el principio, según el análisis FMEA/RCM?

10.¿Cómo impacta la combinación de TPM y RCM en los costos operativos de Beta International?


Acid Rain READING

Read the text in Spanish

 WHAT IS ACID RAIN?    

                                      

Acid rain describes any form of precipitation that contains high levels of nitric and sulfuric acids. It can also occur in the form of snow, fog, and tiny bits of dry material that settle to Earth. Normal rain is slightly acidic, with a pH of 5.6, while acid rain generally has a pH between 4.2 and 4.4.

Causes of acid rain

Rotting vegetation and erupting volcanoes release some chemicals that can cause acid rain, but most acid rain is a product of human activities. The biggest sources are coal-burning power plants, factories, and automobiles.

When humans burn fossil fuels, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are released into the atmosphere. Those air pollutants react with water, oxygen, and other substances to form airborne sulfuric and nitric acid. Winds may spread these acidic compounds through the atmosphere and over hundreds of miles. When acid rain reaches Earth, it flows across the surface in runoff water, enters water systems, and sinks into the soil.

SAFE DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTES Multiple chioce exercise

Choose the correct option according to the information of the text     SAFE DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTES   Hazardous wastes must be depo...